The Russian Revolution: March, 1917
World War I broke out in 1914. Lenin spent the war years in exile, brooding
over how carry out his slogan: "Turn the imperialistic war into civil war."
His antipathy towards the rest of the European socialist movement turned
into hatred when, contrary to their internationalist pledges, the socialists
of almost every belligerent country loyally voted to support the war efforts
of their respective nations.
At the same time, this left disaffected
anti-war wings of the European socialist parties who would become a fruitful
pool of recruits for the Bolsheviks.
Lenin and most of his associates either lived in foreign exile in neutral countries, or languished in the Czar's Siberian prisons. Few of them were present to even participate in, let alone lead, the first Russian Revolution which occurred in March of 1917. The March revolution forced the Czar to abdicate, established freedom of the press, and granted a blanket amnesty to political prisoners in Siberia - including terrorists. A much freer Russia seemed to be on the horizon. But ironically, liberalization inadvertently summoned back to Russia a small army of Bolsheviks from the far corners of the planet, often (as in Lenin's case) with transportation paid by the German Kaiser:
| Bolshevik Leaders | Location |
| Lenin | Switzerland |
| Radek | Switzerland |
| Zinoviev | Switzerland |
| Bukharin | New York |
| Litvinov | London |
| Antonov-Ovseenko | Paris |
| Dzerzhinsky | Moscow |
| Latsis | Petrograd |
| Molotov | Petrograd |
| Kirov | Vladikavkaz |
| Stalin | Kureika (Siberia) |
| Ordzhonikidze | Pokrovsk (Siberia) |
| Sverdlov | Turukhansk (Siberia) |
| Kamenev | Achinsk (Siberia) |
| Rykov | Narym (Siberia) |
| Trotsky | New York |
| Chicherin | London |
| Uritsky | Stockholm |
After the Czar's abdication, power passed to a Provisional Government appointed by a temporary committee of the Duma, which proposed to share power to some extent with councils of workers and soldiers known as "soviets." Following a brief and chaotic period of fairly democratic procedures, a mixed body of socialist intellectuals known as the Ispolkom secured the right to "represent" the soviets. The democratic credentials of the soviets were highly imperfect to begin with: peasants - the overwhelming majority of the Russian population - had virtually no say, and soldiers were grossly over-represented. The Ispolkom's assumption of power turned this highly imperfect democracy into an intellectuals' oligarchy. As Pipes explains, the Ispolkom "was not representative of the workers and soldiers, for its members were not elected by the Soviet but, as in 1905, nominated by the socialist parties. Members of the Ispolkom represented not workers and soldiers but their respective party organizations, and could be replaced at any time by others of these parties." In short, "Rather than serving as the executive organ of the Soviet, therefore, the Ispolkom was a coordinating body of socialist parties, superimposed on the Soviet and speaking in its name." (The Russian Revolution)
In sum, the abdication of the Czar left power somewhere in the hands of
the Provisional Government and the Ispolkom, but no one knew quite where.
This confused structure not only left the new government vulnerable to
manipulation by tiny minorities claiming to speak for millions of people
who had never heard of them; it also invited strong-willed factions with
guns to try their hand at a coup d'etat. To add to these problems,
leadership fell into the hands of one Alexander Kerensky, a moderate
socialist with the foresight and resolve of Hamlet.
No support to the Provisional Government; exposure of the utter falsity of its promises... unmasking, instead of admitting, the illusion-breeding "demand" that this government, a government of capitalists, cease being imperialistic. (April Theses)
Like his pupils and emulators Mussolini and Hitler, Lenin won power
by first breaking the spirit of those who stood in his way, persuading them
that they were doomed. The Bolshevik triumph in October was accomplished
nine-tenths psychologically: the forces involved were negligible, a few
thousand men at most in a nation of one hundred and fifty million, and
victory came almost without a shot being fired. The whole operation seemed
to confirm Napoleon's dictum that the battle is won or lost in the minds
of men before it even begins.
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While he had no
intent of keeping his promises if they proved inconvenient, Lenin realized
that power is often too expensive to purchase without writing a few bad
checks. The Bolsheviks added a second slogan, "All power to the Soviets,"
realizing that the soviets were unrepresentative of Russian opinion to
begin with, and had swiftly become the mouthpieces of socialist
intellectuals in general, and themselves in particular. Even so, the
Bolsheviks remained a minority party: at the First All-Russian Congress of
Soviets in the early summer of 1917,
the Bolsheviks won 105 delegates, far less than their 285
seats won by the Social Revolutionaries and the 248 held by the Mensheviks.
After a July Bolshevik coup failed and quite a few Bolsheviks were arrested,
it appeared that Lenin's day might have already come and gone. Lenin
even fled to Finland, leaving the party under the leadership of Trotsky, who
had only joined a few months earlier. Power seemingly eluded Lenin's
grasp, but he would soon get his second chance.
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